The nucleated erythrocyte: a model of cell differentiation.

The process of erythropoiesis is characterized by several distinctive features which render it a very useful model of cell differentiation. Mature erythrocytes arise from stem cells in a series of intermediate stages which are fairly well defined both on morphological and on biochemical grounds. During this development, the erythrocytes genome is gradually inactivated and the cell becomes geared to the production of primarily one gene product, hemoglobin. Recently, erythropoiesis has been closely studied in avian species since it has become technically possible to fractionate the blood of anemic birds into high-yield populations of young, developing and mature red cells. Attention has focused on patterns of RNA synthesis including globin m-RNA, in relation to cytoplasmic constitutents becoming modified for reduced activity. From the point of view of gene regulation, erythrocyte development is especially interesting in non-mammals, where in contrast to mammals, even fully mature red cells retain their nuclei. These erythrocytes rank among the most extreme examples of cell specialization and gene repression known. The nuclei of avian erythrocytes and others, contain a tissue-specific histone protein in addition to the more usual complement of vertebrate histone. This histone (H5, V, F2c) has been extensively investigated with a view to linking its presence to structural and molecular changes involved in the condensation and repression of red cell nuclei. The evidence to dat suggests that H5, in conjunction with tissue-specific changes in non-histone proteins, may be responsible for keeping the genomes of nucleated erythrocytes permanently inactive.