Regulation of the alginate biosynthesis gene algC in Pseudomonas aeruginosa during biofilm development in continuous culture.

Reporter gene technology was used to observe the regulation of the alginate biosynthesis gene, algC in a mucoid strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in developing and mature biofilms in continuous culture on Teflon and glass substrata. The plasmid pNZ63, carrying an algC-lacZ transcriptional fusion, was shown to not be diluted in continuous culture over a period of 25 days in the absence of selection pressure. Biofilm cells under bulk phase steady-state conditions demonstrated fluctuations in algC expression over a 16-day period, but no trend of increased or decreased expression over the time interval was indicated. In vivo detection of algC up-expression in developing biofilms was performed with a fluorogenic substrate for the plasmid-borne lacZ gene product (beta-galactosidase) by using microscopy coupled with image analysis. By this technique, cells were tracked over time and analyzed for algC activity. During the initial stages of biofilm development, cells already attached to a glass surface for at least 15 min exhibited up-expression of algC, detectable as the development of whole-cell fluorescence. However, initial cell attachment to the substratum appeared to be independent of algC promoter activity. Furthermore, cells not exhibiting algC up-expression were shown to be less capable of remaining at a glass surface under flowing conditions than were cells in which algC up-expression was detected.