Call J, Tomasello M
Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322.
J Comp Psychol. 1994 Dec;108(4):307-17. doi: 10.1037/0735-7036.108.4.307.
We report 3 studies of the referential pointing of 2 orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus). Chantek was raised in an enculturated environment; Puti, raised in a nursery, had a more typical captive life. In Experiment 1, flexibility of pointing behavior was investigated by requiring subjects to point in novel circumstances (for an out-of-sight tool, not food). In Experiment 2, we investigated the orangutans' comprehension of the significance of a human point in helping them to locate food. In Experiment 3, we investigated whether these pointing subjects comprehended that a human recipient must be looking for the point to achieve its attention-directing goal. In all experiments the enculturated orangutan showed better understanding of pointing than the captive orangutan. This finding is consistent with recent studies that have found differences in the cognitive and social-cognitive abilities of apes that have had different types of experience with humans.
我们报告了对两只猩猩（婆罗洲猩猩）指示性指向的三项研究。钱泰克在一个有文化熏陶的环境中长大；普蒂在托儿所长大，过着更典型的圈养生活。在实验1中，通过要求受试者在新的情境下（为了一个看不见的工具，而非食物）进行指向，来研究指向行为的灵活性。在实验2中，我们研究了猩猩对人类指向在帮助它们找到食物方面的重要性的理解。在实验3中，我们研究了这些进行指向的受试者是否理解人类接受者必须看向指向才能实现其吸引注意力的目标。在所有实验中，有文化熏陶的猩猩比圈养的猩猩对指向表现出更好的理解。这一发现与最近的研究一致，这些研究发现，在与人类有不同类型经历的猿类的认知和社会认知能力方面存在差异。
