Ciocon J O, Amede F, Lechtenberg C, Astor F
Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Fort Lauderdale.
Geriatrics. 1995 Feb;50(2):18-25.
Patients with tinnitus--ringing in the ears or head--frequently present initially to their primary care physician. Tinnitus may be subjective (audible only by the patient) or objective (audible to the examiner). Subjective tinnitus is more common and may be due to peripheral or central auditory pathology, a metabolic abnormality, or anxiety/depression. Objective tinnitus is rare and is frequently due to a vascular or neuromuscular condition, intracranial or head/neck tumor, or some specific structural defect of the ear, cochlea, or retrocochlear area. The stepwise workup of tinnitus includes a comprehensive history and physical exam, audiologic evaluation, blood profile analysis, and referral when necessary. Treatments include hearing aids, masking devices, drugs, and biofeedback.
患有耳鸣（耳内或头部出现嗡嗡声）的患者通常最初会去看他们的初级保健医生。耳鸣可能是主观性的（只有患者能听到）或客观性的（检查者也能听到）。主观性耳鸣更为常见，可能是由于外周或中枢听觉病理、代谢异常或焦虑/抑郁引起的。客观性耳鸣很少见，通常是由于血管或神经肌肉疾病、颅内或头颈部肿瘤，或耳朵、耳蜗或蜗后区域的某些特定结构缺陷导致的。耳鸣的逐步检查包括全面的病史和体格检查、听力评估、血液分析，并在必要时进行转诊。治疗方法包括助听器、掩蔽装置、药物和生物反馈疗法。
