The frontal lobes and traumatic brain injury.

The authors review 1) the pathophysiological, neuroimaging, and neurobehavioral evidence for frontal lobe involvement in closed head injury; 2) studies elucidating the cognitive deficits and behavioral disturbance related to frontal lobe lesions associated with head injury; and 3) pharmacologic treatment of the neuropsychiatric manifestations of frontal lobe injury, including emerging therapies.