Functional anatomy of forebrain auditory pathways in the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus).

Interconnections of forebrain auditory and vocal control nuclei were mapped in the budgerigar using pathway tracing techniques. The anatomical results indicate four circuits by which auditory information may influence the vocal motor system: (1) direct auditory thalamic projections from nucleus dorsomedialis posterior (DMP) to both the neostriatal higher vocal center (HVC) and robust archistriatal nucleus (RA); (2) direct projections from a neostriatal projection field of DMP (i.e., MAN, the magnocellular nucleus of the neostriatum) to HVC and RA; (3) projections from DMP and other 'accessory' auditory thalamic nuclei to the ventral paleostriatum (VP), which in turn projects to MAN and RA; (4) projections to HVC from the lateral hyperstriatum ventrale (HV), which receives input from nucleus basalis (Bas) as well as from the oval nucleus of the HV (HVo), which receives direct input from RA. Lesion methods were used to evaluate the roles of auditory pathways in call learning and production. The results show that pathways associated with Bas are essential for call production in both adult and unfledged budgerigars, while VP efferents influence vocalization only in young, unfledged budgerigars. Lesions centered in either the primary auditory neostriatum (Field L2a) or the neostriatal area in receipt of Field L input (the ventrolateral neostriatum intermedium or NIVL) did not affect vocalization in juvenile or adult budgerigars.