Majno G, Joris I
Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester 01655-0125.
Am J Pathol. 1995 Jan;146(1):3-15.
The historical development of the cell death concept is reviewed, with special attention to the origin of the terms necrosis, coagulation necrosis, autolysis, physiological cell death, programmed cell death, chromatolysis (the first name of apoptosis in 1914), karyorhexis, karyolysis, and cell suicide, of which there are three forms: by lysosomes, by free radicals, and by a genetic mechanism (apoptosis). Some of the typical features of apoptosis are discussed, such as budding (as opposed to blebbing and zeiosis) and the inflammatory response. For cell death not by apoptosis the most satisfactory term is accidental cell death. Necrosis is commonly used but it is not appropriate, because it does not indicate a form of cell death but refers to changes secondary to cell death by any mechanism, including apoptosis. Abundant data are available on one form of accidental cell death, namely ischemic cell death, which can be considered an entity of its own, caused by failure of the ionic pumps of the plasma membrane. Because ischemic cell death (in known models) is accompanied by swelling, the name oncosis is proposed for this condition. The term oncosis (derived from ónkos, meaning swelling) was proposed in 1910 by von Reckling-hausen precisely to mean cell death with swelling. Oncosis leads to necrosis with karyolysis and stands in contrast to apoptosis, which leads to necrosis with karyorhexis and cell shrinkage.
本文回顾了细胞死亡概念的历史发展，特别关注坏死、凝固性坏死、自溶、生理性细胞死亡、程序性细胞死亡、染色质溶解（1914年凋亡的首个名称）、核碎裂、核溶解以及细胞自杀等术语的起源，其中细胞自杀有三种形式：通过溶酶体、通过自由基以及通过遗传机制（凋亡）。文中讨论了凋亡的一些典型特征，如出芽（与起泡和细胞溶解相反）和炎症反应。对于非凋亡性细胞死亡，最恰当的术语是意外性细胞死亡。坏死是常用术语，但并不合适，因为它并非指一种细胞死亡形式，而是指细胞因任何机制（包括凋亡）死亡后的继发性变化。关于一种意外性细胞死亡形式，即缺血性细胞死亡，有丰富的数据，它可被视为一种独立的实体，由质膜离子泵功能衰竭所致。由于缺血性细胞死亡（在已知模型中）伴有肿胀，因此为此种情况提出了“胀亡”这一名称。“胀亡”一词（源自ónkos，意为肿胀）由冯·雷克林豪森于1910年提出，确切含义是伴有肿胀的细胞死亡。胀亡导致核溶解性坏死，与导致核碎裂性坏死和细胞皱缩的凋亡形成对比。
