Parrott A C
Department of Psychology, University of East London, UK.
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1994 Sep;116(1):93-7. doi: 10.1007/BF02244877.
A brief feeling state questionnaire was completed before and after each cigarette, over a day of smoking. Feelings of stress/anxiety demonstrated a pattern of repetitive vacilation over the day, with high stress before smoking, reduced stress after smoking, and stress levels increasing again between cigarettes. There was no evidence of acute pharmacodynamic tolerance, with cigarettes leading to altered feelings of anxiety/stress over the whole day of smoking. Self-rated feelings of arousal also demonstrated a pattern of vacilation over the day, with low arousal pre-smoking increased arousal post-smoking, but arousal levels reducing again between cigarettes. The ANOVA drug x time interaction was significant, with the greatest arousal change following the first cigarette of the day. However, later cigarettes led to similar amounts of arousal change over the rest of day, thus questioning whether acute pharmacodynamic tolerance was occurring. Instead, the heightened arousal response to the first cigarette of the day may reflect the influence of two other factors. Firstly, overnight deprivation, with the first cigarette of the day leading to the greatest increase in plasma nicotine. Secondly, low early-morning arousal with its associated potential for increased arousal. Overall, therefore, there was little indication of acute pharmacodynamic tolerance to the subjective effects of nicotine. Cigarettes were associated with altered feelings of stress and arousal, over the whole day of smoking.
在一天的吸烟过程中，每次吸烟前后都要完成一份简短的情绪状态问卷。压力/焦虑情绪在一天中呈现出反复波动的模式，吸烟前压力大，吸烟后压力减轻，两次吸烟之间压力水平又会再次上升。没有证据表明存在急性药效学耐受性，在一整天的吸烟过程中，香烟会导致焦虑/压力情绪的改变。自我评定的觉醒感在一天中也呈现出波动模式，吸烟前觉醒感低，吸烟后觉醒感增强，但两次吸烟之间觉醒水平又会再次降低。方差分析中药物×时间的交互作用显著，一天中的第一支烟后觉醒变化最大。然而，随后的香烟在当天剩余时间内导致的觉醒变化量相似，因此质疑是否发生了急性药效学耐受性。相反，对一天中的第一支烟的觉醒反应增强可能反映了另外两个因素的影响。首先，夜间禁断，一天中的第一支烟会导致血浆尼古丁含量大幅增加。其次，清晨觉醒感低，其相关的觉醒增强潜力。因此，总体而言，几乎没有迹象表明对尼古丁的主观效应存在急性药效学耐受性。在一整天的吸烟过程中，香烟与压力和觉醒感的改变有关。
