Parrott A C
Department of Psychology, University of East London, UK.
Addiction. 1995 Feb;90(2):233-44. doi: 10.1046/j.1360-0443.1995.9022339.x.
This review summarizes the findings from a series of four published studies into the relationship between cigarette smoking and stress. In each study, feelings of anxiety/stress were significantly lower post-smoking than pre-smoking (p < 0.001). However, while moods improved immediately after smoking, mood impairments occurred between cigarettes. This repetitive cycle of mood reversals provides a clear rationale for repetitive/addictive cigarette use. The degree of stress modulation was significantly related to the sedative subscale of the Smoking Motivation Questionnaire (p < 0.01). However, high SMQ sedative subjects reported above-average stress prior to smoking, rather than below-average stress after smoking. Thus stress modulation represented mainly the relief of adverse moods, rather than the attainment of beneficial moods. Deprived smokers reported a diurnal pattern of increasing stress, confirming the deleterious effects of nicotine deprivation. These studies demonstrated the importance of mood control as a motive for smoking. They indicate that smokers gain little real advantage from cigarettes, but smoke mainly to forstall nicotine depletion. The deleterious mood effects of acute nicotine withdrawal also helps explain why, when smokers quit smoking, they experience reduced levels of daily stress.
这篇综述总结了四项已发表研究中关于吸烟与压力关系的研究结果。在每项研究中，吸烟后焦虑/压力感显著低于吸烟前（p < 0.001）。然而，虽然吸烟后情绪立即改善，但在两次吸烟之间会出现情绪受损。这种情绪反复波动的循环为重复性/成瘾性吸烟提供了明确的理论依据。压力调节程度与吸烟动机问卷的镇静子量表显著相关（p < 0.01）。然而，吸烟动机问卷镇静子量表得分高的受试者在吸烟前报告的压力高于平均水平，而非吸烟后低于平均水平。因此，压力调节主要表现为不良情绪的缓解，而非有益情绪的获得。戒烟者报告了压力随时间增加的昼夜模式，证实了尼古丁戒断的有害影响。这些研究证明了情绪控制作为吸烟动机的重要性。它们表明吸烟者从香烟中获得的实际益处很少，吸烟主要是为了防止尼古丁消耗。急性尼古丁戒断的有害情绪影响也有助于解释为什么吸烟者戒烟时，他们每天经历的压力水平会降低。
