Ofili E O, Nanda N C
St. Louis University, MO.
Ultrasound Med Biol. 1994;20(8):669-75. doi: 10.1016/0301-5629(94)90024-8.
Since its introduction in 1974, 3-D reconstruction of the heart has undergone significant technological refinements in image acquisition, processing and display techniques. Image acquisition for transthoracic 3-D reconstruction utilizes the parasternal or apical windows, or combinations of the two. The parasternal approach allows better endocardial border detection, while the apical approach allows a more complete visualization of the left ventricular apex. Computer algorithms are used to process images with various display techniques incorporated into the algorithm. Transesophageal image acquisition overcomes a significant limitation of the transthoracic approach, which is variable and sometimes poor image quality. Both a multiplane approach and a computerized tomographic approach have been successfully used by several investigators. Potential applications of 3-D echocardiography include reconstruction of the mitral annulus, dynamic cardiac anatomy and function and volume calculations. A major limitation is the need for considerable computer time for image processing and display; furthermore, errors may be introduced by the various smoothing and contouring algorithms. Despite these limitations, 3-D echocardiography has considerable potential for clinical utility, particularly in the areas of reconstructive cardiac surgery and congenital heart disease.
自1974年问世以来，心脏的三维重建在图像采集、处理和显示技术方面经历了重大的技术改进。经胸三维重建的图像采集利用胸骨旁或心尖窗，或两者结合。胸骨旁途径能更好地检测心内膜边界，而心尖途径能更完整地观察左心室心尖。计算机算法用于处理图像，并将各种显示技术纳入算法。经食管图像采集克服了经胸途径的一个重大局限性，即图像质量可变且有时较差。多平面方法和计算机断层扫描方法都已被几位研究者成功使用。三维超声心动图的潜在应用包括二尖瓣环重建、动态心脏解剖结构和功能以及容积计算。一个主要限制是图像处理和显示需要大量的计算机时间；此外，各种平滑和轮廓算法可能会引入误差。尽管有这些限制，三维超声心动图在临床应用方面仍有相当大的潜力，特别是在心脏重建手术和先天性心脏病领域。
