DNA typing in forensic science. I. Theory and background.

In the last few years, DNA typing procedures have become increasingly important in the fields of forensic science and forensic medicine. This paper reviews background information on DNA and human genetics, and addresses how molecular techniques such as restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis have been used to detect genetic polymorphism in human populations. The systems discussed include single locus RFLP, HLA DQ-alpha, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AMP-FLPs), short tandem repeats (STRs), and mitochondrial DNA typing. Several DNA typing methods have been thoroughly validated for forensic use. With proper control measures, DNA analysis should be considered reliable. At this time, DNA evidence/testimony is generally accepted by the courts and greatly assists in the resolution of criminal and civil investigations.