Kumon-Nakamura S, Glucksberg S, Brown M
Department of Psychology, Princeton University, New Jersey 08544-1010.
J Exp Psychol Gen. 1995 Mar;124(1):3-21. doi: 10.1037//0096-3445.124.1.3.
The allusional pretense theory claims that ironic remarks have their effects by alluding to a failed expectation. In normal conversation, this is accomplished by violating pragmatic rules of discourse, usually the maxim of sincerity. Such violations simultaneously draw a listener's attention to the failed expectation and express the speaker's attitude (normally but not necessarily negative) toward the failed expectation. Using a variety of utterance types, 3 experiments tested the theory. The first experiment, using 4 speech act types, showed that both insincerity and allusion were perceived far more frequently in ironically intended utterances than in literally intended ones. The second experiment demonstrated that the negative attitudes frequently expressed with ironic utterances are a function of the relative frequency of positive versus negative expectations and not an intrinsic characteristic of discourse irony per se. The third experiment found that over-polite requests are more likely to be used ironically than under-polite ones, presumably because the former can serve a speaker's politeness considerations while simultaneously conveying both an intended request and the speaker's attitude. It was concluded that irony is used primarily to express a speaker's attitude toward the referent of the ironic utterance, while simultaneously fulfilling other goals as well, such as to be humorous, to make a situation less face threatening, and to serve politeness considerations.
虚幻伪装理论认为,反讽言论通过暗指未实现的期望来产生效果。在正常对话中,这是通过违反语用话语规则来实现的,通常是真诚准则。这种违反行为同时会引起听众对未实现期望的注意,并表达说话者对该未实现期望的态度(通常但不一定是负面的)。通过使用多种话语类型,进行了3项实验来检验该理论。第一个实验使用了4种言语行为类型,结果表明,与字面意思的话语相比,反讽意图的话语中,不真诚和暗指被感知到的频率要高得多。第二个实验表明,反讽话语中经常表达的负面态度是积极期望与消极期望相对频率的函数,而不是话语反讽本身的内在特征。第三个实验发现,过度礼貌的请求比不够礼貌的请求更有可能被用于反讽,大概是因为前者既能满足说话者的礼貌考虑,同时又能传达预期的请求和说话者的态度。研究得出结论,反讽主要用于表达说话者对反讽话语所指对象的态度,同时也能实现其他目标,比如变得幽默、使情况不那么威胁面子以及满足礼貌考虑。