Gold P E
Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22903.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1995 Apr;61(4 Suppl):987S-995S. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/61.4.987S.
Extensive evidence indicates that relatively modest increases in circulating glucose concentrations enhance learning and memory processes in rodents and humans. In rats, systemic injections of glucose enhance learning and memory under many conditions. When microinjected into specific brain sites, glucose has selective behavioral and pharmacological effects, with behavioral effects that are specific to the brain site injected and pharmacological effects that are largely specific to interactions with opiate agonists. Recent evidence suggests that glucose may attenuate opiate inhibition of acetylcholine release in the hippocampus. The relative safety of glucose has permitted tests of glucose effects on cognitive functions in humans. Glucose also enhances learning and memory in healthy aged humans and enhances several other cognitive functions in subjects with severe cognitive pathologies, including individuals with Alzheimer's disease and Down syndrome. Thus, increases in circulating glucose concentrations have robust and broad influences on brain functions that span many neural and behavioral measures and cross readily from rodents to humans.
大量证据表明，循环葡萄糖浓度相对适度的升高可增强啮齿动物和人类的学习与记忆过程。在大鼠中，全身注射葡萄糖在许多情况下均可增强学习与记忆。当微量注射到特定脑区时，葡萄糖具有选择性行为和药理作用，其行为效应特定于注射的脑区，药理效应主要特定于与阿片类激动剂的相互作用。最近的证据表明，葡萄糖可能减弱阿片类物质对海马体中乙酰胆碱释放的抑制作用。葡萄糖相对安全，这使得对其对人类认知功能影响的测试成为可能。葡萄糖还可增强健康老年人的学习与记忆，并增强患有严重认知疾病（包括阿尔茨海默病和唐氏综合征患者）的受试者的其他几种认知功能。因此，循环葡萄糖浓度的升高对脑功能具有强大而广泛的影响，涵盖许多神经和行为指标，并且很容易从啮齿动物推广到人类。
