Morin P A, Moore J J, Chakraborty R, Jin L, Goodall J, Woodruff D S
Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0116.
Science. 1994 Aug 26;265(5176):1193-201. doi: 10.1126/science.7915048.
Hypotheses about chimpanzee social behavior, phylogeography, and evolution were evaluated by noninvasive genotyping of free-ranging individuals from 20 African sites. Degrees of relatedness among individuals in one community were inferred from allele-sharing at eight nuclear simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci. Males are related on the order of half-siblings, and homozygosity is significantly increased at several SSR loci compared to Hardy-Weinberg expectations. These data support the kin-selection hypothesis for the evolution of cooperation among males. Sequence variation patterns at two mitochondrial loci indicate historically high long-distance gene flow and clarify the relationships among three allopatric subspecies. The unexpectedly large genetic distance between the western subspecies, Pan troglodytes verus, and the other two subspecies suggests a divergence time of about 1.58 million years. This result, if confirmed at nuclear loci and supported by eco-behavioral data, implies that P. t. verus should be elevated to full species rank.
通过对来自20个非洲地点的野生个体进行非侵入性基因分型，对有关黑猩猩社会行为、系统地理学和进化的假设进行了评估。从8个核简单序列重复（SSR）位点的等位基因共享情况推断出一个群落中个体之间的亲缘关系程度。雄性之间的亲缘关系大约为半同胞关系，与哈迪-温伯格预期相比，几个SSR位点的纯合性显著增加。这些数据支持了雄性间合作进化的亲缘选择假说。两个线粒体位点的序列变异模式表明历史上存在较高的长距离基因流动，并阐明了三个异域亚种之间的关系。西部亚种黑猩猩（Pan troglodytes verus）与其他两个亚种之间意外的大遗传距离表明其分化时间约为158万年。如果这一结果在核位点得到证实并得到生态行为数据的支持，意味着黑猩猩西部亚种应提升为完整的物种等级。
