Vuille C, Nidorf M, Morrissey R L, Newell J B, Weyman A E, Picard M H
Cardiac Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114.
J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1994 Jul-Aug;7(4):347-54. doi: 10.1016/s0894-7317(14)80192-2.
Contrast echocardiography has been applied to identify cardiac structures, shunts, and perfusion territories. Most recently, quantification of flow has been proposed based on disappearance of contrast intensity. This requires that contrast agents are stable and produce a predictable effect. To assess the possible effect of pressure on their stability, the rates of backscatter decay of four echocardiographic contrast agents (Albunex, Levovist, agitated Angiovist, and agitated saline solution) exposed to constant pressures (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mm Hg) were quantitated. Contrast was recorded by echocardiography and measured to construct time-intensity curves. The peak decay rate for each agent at each pressure was determined. For all four agents, contrast intensity (I) decreased over time and could be described by the sigmoid function: I = a [e-lambda(t-ts)/1 + e-lambda(t-ts)] + C. Peak decay rate was significantly affected by pressure (p < 0.005) in a proportionate fashion. At pressures of 0, 100, and 200 mm Hg, the rates increased for each agent in the following fashion: Albunex, 0.144 +/- 0.109 to 0.410 +/- 0.142 to 1.442 +/- 0.309; Levovist, 0.060 +/- 0.023 to 0.162 +/- 0.049 to 0.495 +/- 0.142; Angiovist, 0.089 +/- 0.028 to 0.166 +/- 0.057 to 0.224 +/- 0.027; and saline solution, 0.068 +/- 0.039 to 0.110 +/- 0.036 to 0.154 +/- 0.057. The effect of pressure on the peak rate of contrast disappearance (lambda) was significantly different among agents (p < 0.001). Thus attempts to quantitate blood flow with contrast agents must take into account the influence of pressure.
