Johnson A G
Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Duluth 55812-2487.
Clin Microbiol Rev. 1994 Jul;7(3):277-89. doi: 10.1128/CMR.7.3.277.
Epitopes on microbial antigens responsible for protective immunity have begun to be identified and isolated, and their chemical structures have been determined. Ensuing knowledge of their weak immunizing capacity per se has led to an appreciation of the need for adjuvants to increase the immunogenicity of these low-molecular-weight synthetic structures. As such, a recent surge in adjuvant research has emerged. Accordingly, this review will highlight a number of those adjuvant substances whose activity in animals indicates a potential use in human vaccines. In addition, the potential of several well-defined substances, termed immunomodulators, which nonspecifically stimulate resistance of animals to multiple 50% lethal doses of microbial challenge is described. Among the most extensively characterized adjuvants of microbial origin discussed in detail are (i) the lipopolysaccharides isolated from gram-negative bacteria and their nontoxic analogs, (ii) the synthetic muramyl dipeptides and their multiple analogs, and (iii) the synthetic polyribonucleotide complexes, mimicking the interferon-inducing capacity of viruses. Discussed also are the heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli, the nonionic block copolymers, the saponins, a quinolamine derivative, and the hormone dihydroepiandrosterone.
负责保护性免疫的微生物抗原表位已开始被识别和分离，其化学结构也已确定。随后，人们认识到这些低分子量合成结构本身免疫能力较弱，因此需要佐剂来增强其免疫原性。正因如此，近期佐剂研究激增。相应地，本综述将重点介绍一些佐剂物质，它们在动物体内的活性表明其在人类疫苗中具有潜在用途。此外，还描述了几种定义明确的物质，即免疫调节剂的潜力，这些物质能非特异性地刺激动物抵抗多次50%致死剂量的微生物攻击。详细讨论的微生物来源的最广泛表征的佐剂包括：（i）从革兰氏阴性菌分离的脂多糖及其无毒类似物；（ii）合成的胞壁酰二肽及其多种类似物；（iii）模拟病毒诱导干扰素能力的合成多核苷酸复合物。还讨论了大肠杆菌的热不稳定肠毒素、非离子嵌段共聚物、皂苷、喹胺衍生物和激素脱氢表雄酮。
