Polymerase chain reaction as a rapid diagnostic assay for cytomegalovirus infection in renal transplant patients.

The aim of this study was to apply a polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of CMV infection and determine its clinical value in renal transplant recipients. We have applied the PCR to urine and blood specimens collected from 27 renal transplant recipients as well as blood from 49 normal blood donors. Ten of twenty-seven patients, compared to 3 of 49 normal blood donors, had CMV-DNA present in one or more samples. Six of the ten CMV-DNA-positive patients had positive CMV serology, and 3 of the 10 had severe clinical symptoms of active CMV infection. In four additional patients with positive CMV serology - but without clinical signs of active CMV infection - no CMV-DNA could be detected by the PCR. In the three patients with severe symptoms, PCR could detect CMV-DNA before serology became positive, and in one of these three patients, serology remained negative despite the patient's death from clinically obvious CMV pneumonia. PCR thus appears capable of detecting active CMV infection at a time when CMV serology is inconclusive, but cannot substitute for serology as the only routine analysis since a transient viraemia might be missed. However, in immunosuppressed patients with severe CMV infection, PCR could provide an early diagnosis, enabling the clinician to implement early specific treatment.