Richardson J T
Department of Human Sciences, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK.
Stat Methods Med Res. 1994;3(2):107-33. doi: 10.1177/096228029400300202.
This paper describes the historical development of analytic techniques for frequency data presented as 2 x 1 or 2 x 2 contingency tables. The issues raised include: the need for a continuity correction when estimating the exceedance probability of a discrete statistic; the vulnerability of such statistics to a conservative bias when used in hypothesis testing; and the different statistical models that may underlie contingency tables. In the case of 2 x 1 contingency tables the recommended technique is the binomial test with a modified decision procedure for hypothesis testing. In the case of 2 x 2 contingency tables there is a single statistic approximating the chi-square distribution which can be used to test the hypothesis of an association between the two relevant variables and which in most practical situations is robust with respect to the occurrence of small expected cell frequencies.
本文描述了以2×1或2×2列联表形式呈现的频率数据的分析技术的历史发展。提出的问题包括：在估计离散统计量的超出概率时需要进行连续性校正；在假设检验中使用此类统计量时，它们易受保守偏差的影响；以及列联表可能基于的不同统计模型。对于2×1列联表，推荐的技术是二项式检验，并采用修改后的假设检验决策程序。对于2×2列联表，有一个近似卡方分布的单一统计量，可用于检验两个相关变量之间的关联假设，并且在大多数实际情况下，对于小期望单元格频率的出现具有稳健性。
