Early diagnosis and treatment of alcoholism: the Japanese experience.

The current status and problems concerning the early identification, diagnosis and treatment of alcoholism in Japan are outlined in this article. With regard to the early diagnosis of alcoholism, we focus on the following four aspects: (1) the drinking culture in Japan and the difficulties in early diagnosis of drinking problems because of this culture, (2) the social system which serves to the early diagnosis of alcoholism, (3) the education of specialists, and (4) screening tests and biological markers of alcoholism. The number of facilities offering specialized treatment of alcoholics has sharply increased in recent years, but it is clear that such facilities are still not sufficient to meet the demand. It also emphasizes that diversification of alcohol treatment facilities is essential to meet the therapeutic needs of newly emerging subgroups such as women, young people and the elderly. Finally, the characteristics of the two self-help groups in Japan, Danshukai (Japan Sobriety Association) and Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), are described and compared.