Gupta R C
Toxicology Section, Breathitt Veterinary Center, Murray State University, Hopkinsville, Kentucky 42240.
J Toxicol Environ Health. 1994 Dec;43(4):383-418. doi: 10.1080/15287399409531931.
Carbofuran, an anticholinesterase carbamate, is commonly used as an insecticide, nematicide, and acaricide in agricultural practice throughout the world. Due to its widespread use in agriculture, contamination of food, water, and air has become imminent, and consequently adverse health effects are inevitable in humans, animals, wildlife, and fish. Currently, carbofuran's involvement is most frequently encountered in malicious poisoning. The literature on chemical properties, acute toxicity data, poisoning incidences, pharmacokinetics, and mechanism of toxicity of carbofuran is briefly reviewed. Much emphasis is given to the metabolism of carbofuran, and the impact of carbofuran and its two major metabolites (3-hydroxycarbofuran and 3-ketocarbofuran) on overall toxicity. Biochemical (cholinergic and noncholinergic), hematological, and immunological effects induced by carbofuran are discussed in detail. Carbofuran and/or its major metabolites can cross the placental barrier and produce serious effects on the maternal-placental-fetal unit. Carbofuran's toxicity can be potentiated by simultaneous exposure with other cholinesterase inhibitors. Literature on various biomarkers of carbofuran exposure and on induced adverse health effects is also presented. To date, a combination of atropine and memantine remains the most effective antidotal treatment against acute carbofuran toxicity.
克百威是一种氨基甲酸酯类抗胆碱酯酶农药，在世界各地的农业生产中普遍用作杀虫剂、杀线虫剂和杀螨剂。由于其在农业中的广泛使用，食品、水和空气的污染问题日益突出，进而不可避免地对人类、动物、野生动物和鱼类产生不良健康影响。目前，克百威中毒最常见于恶意投毒事件。本文简要回顾了有关克百威化学性质、急性毒性数据、中毒发生率、药代动力学及毒性机制的文献。重点介绍了克百威的代谢过程，以及克百威及其两种主要代谢产物（3-羟基克百威和3-酮基克百威）对整体毒性的影响。详细讨论了克百威引起的生化（胆碱能和非胆碱能）、血液学及免疫学效应。克百威和/或其主要代谢产物可穿过胎盘屏障，对母-胎-胎盘单元产生严重影响。与其他胆碱酯酶抑制剂同时接触可增强克百威的毒性。本文还介绍了有关克百威暴露的各种生物标志物及由此引起的不良健康影响的文献。迄今为止，阿托品和美金刚联合使用仍是治疗急性克百威中毒最有效的解毒方法。
