Walsh M M, Hilton J F, Ernster V L, Masouredis C M, Grady D G
Department of Dental Public Health and Hygiene, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0754.
Addict Behav. 1994 Jul-Aug;19(4):411-27. doi: 10.1016/0306-4603(94)90064-7.
We surveyed varsity athletes (N = 1,328) in 16 California colleges about their patterns of spit (smokeless) tobacco (ST) use, related habits, reasons for use, and preferred methods for quitting. Prevalence of use was analyzed by sport and demographic characteristics, and patterns of use in players using snuff exclusively, using chewing tobacco exclusively, and those using both were compared. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated, adjusting for ethnic group. Prevalence was highest in Whites (44%) and Native Americans (48%) and lowest in African Americans (11%), and higher in varsity baseball (52%) than varsity football players (26%), in players attending rural colleges, and among those who ever smoked cigarettes or used alcohol. Forty-one percent of ST users initiated regular use during their high school years. Athletes who used snuff exclusively used it more intensively and for more years than those who used chewing tobacco exclusively. Snuff users indicated a greater perceived need for ST, but also were more ready to quit. These data suggest ST programs with prevention and cessation components are appropriate for high school as well as college athletes. Such interventions should focus on baseball players, distinguish snuff from chewing tobacco users in planning quit strategies, integrate intervention programs for cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption, provide training in refusal skills, and attempt to change social norms in support of ST use by integrating popular peers and significant others (e.g., wives/girlfriends) to endorse nonuse of ST.
我们对加利福尼亚州16所大学的1328名大学生运动员进行了调查，了解他们使用嚼烟（无烟烟草）的模式、相关习惯、使用原因以及首选的戒烟方法。按运动项目和人口统计学特征分析了使用 prevalence，比较了仅使用鼻烟、仅使用嚼烟以及两者都使用的运动员的使用模式。计算了优势比和95%置信区间，并对种族进行了调整。白人（44%）和美洲原住民（48%）的 prevalence 最高，非裔美国人（11%）最低，大学棒球运动员（52%）的 prevalence 高于大学橄榄球运动员（26%），农村学院的运动员以及曾经吸烟或饮酒的运动员的 prevalence 更高。41%的嚼烟使用者在高中时期开始经常使用。仅使用鼻烟的运动员比仅使用嚼烟的运动员使用频率更高、时间更长。鼻烟使用者表示对嚼烟的需求更大，但也更愿意戒烟。这些数据表明，包含预防和戒烟内容的嚼烟项目适用于高中和大学运动员。此类干预措施应侧重于棒球运动员，在制定戒烟策略时区分鼻烟使用者和嚼烟使用者，将吸烟和饮酒的干预项目整合起来，提供拒绝技巧培训，并尝试通过融入受欢迎的同龄人以及重要他人（如妻子/女友）来支持不使用嚼烟，从而改变社会规范以支持不使用嚼烟。
