Wittke G
Institut für Physiologie, Berlin.
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 1994 Feb;107(2):37-42.
Claude Bernard is the most distinguished French physiologist of the 19th century. He has not only performed a great number of scientific experiments. Moreover he has formulated a strictly reasoned methodology. It seems to be very useful to observe it even in temporary scientific work. Unprejudiced observations and experiments initially carried out only in thoughts are necessary premises for the formation of well supported working hypotheses. Only under these prerequisites practical experiments are justified as a decisive control. Claude Bernard emphasizes the idea that in spite of the rational principles of research the scientist is not immune to psychological dangers leading him to erroneous concepts as dogmatization of scientific statements, uncritical assumption of scientific fashions and last not least undue respect for personal authorities. The applicability of Claude Bernard's methodology is scrutinized and interpreted by three examples of the fate of scientific problems.
克劳德·伯纳德是19世纪法国最杰出的生理学家。他不仅进行了大量科学实验，还制定了一套逻辑严密的方法论。即便在临时的科研工作中遵循这一方法论似乎也非常有用。毫无偏见的观察以及最初仅在头脑中进行的实验，是形成有充分依据的工作假设的必要前提。只有在这些前提下，实际实验作为决定性的检验才是合理的。克劳德·伯纳德强调，尽管研究有理性原则，但科学家仍无法避免心理危险，这些危险会使他产生错误观念，比如将科学陈述教条化、不加批判地接受科学潮流，以及最后但同样重要的是，对个人权威过度尊重。通过科学问题命运的三个例子，对克劳德·伯纳德方法论的适用性进行了审视和解读。
