Shepherd J
Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, U.K.
Alcohol Alcohol. 1994 Jan;29(1):5-10.
Almost all evidence of a link between alcohol consumption and violence is available only in the form of aggregate data. This is unsatisfactory and case-control investigations and studies which relate injury severity to blood alcohol levels are needed. In the few closely controlled studies which have been performed, increased risk of injury in assault has been linked with binge consumption of more than about 8 units, and above average weekly consumption only in those over 25 years. Raising the minimum purchasing age for alcohol to 21 years, learning to drink responsibly with parents, especially fathers, and the adoption of tempered glassware are all achievable objectives which would reduce alcohol-related injury. The use of sobriety-checkpoints (breath testing though not by the police) and other situational prevention programmes need to be evaluated in relation to reducing injury sustained in violent crime. Proactive, community policing has been shown to reduce levels of alcohol-related violent crime, in contrast to more reactive, defensive and confrontational policing. The concept of 'capable guardianship' to establish and maintain social control of young delinquents needs to be extended, particularly near known foci of violence such as bars and adjacent fast-food outlets and taxi-ranks.
几乎所有关于饮酒与暴力之间联系的证据都仅以汇总数据的形式存在。这并不令人满意，因此需要进行病例对照调查以及将伤害严重程度与血液酒精水平相关联的研究。在已开展的少数严格对照研究中，袭击中受伤风险的增加与一次性狂饮超过约8个单位的酒精有关，且仅在25岁以上人群中与高于平均每周饮酒量有关。将酒精最低购买年龄提高到21岁、学会与父母尤其是父亲负责任地饮酒以及采用钢化玻璃器皿都是可以实现的目标，这些目标将减少与酒精相关的伤害。需要对使用清醒检查站（通过呼气测试，但不由警方进行）及其他情境预防方案在减少暴力犯罪中所受伤害方面进行评估。与更被动、防御性和对抗性的警务方式相比，积极主动的社区警务已被证明可降低与酒精相关的暴力犯罪水平。“有能力的监护”这一概念旨在对青少年犯罪者建立并维持社会控制，需要加以扩展，尤其是在诸如酒吧、相邻的快餐店和出租车候客点等已知暴力热点附近。
