Ward N A, Milstien J B, Hull H F, Hull B P, Kim-Farley R J
Expanded Programme on Immunization, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
Biologicals. 1993 Dec;21(4):327-33. doi: 10.1006/biol.1993.1092.
Since the development of attenuated oral polio vaccine, Dr Albert Sabin consistently maintained that the global eradication of wild poliovirus was possible, but that to achieve polio eradication in developing countries would require the mass administration of the oral vaccine. Experience in Cuba and Czechoslovakia proved the effectiveness of this technique, but it was only with its deployment in Brazil in 1980 that its role in eradicating the virus from a broad geographical area started to be realized. With the declaration in 1985 of a target of regional polio eradication, extension of this policy, allied with the development of effective surveillance of acute flaccid paralysis in children, with laboratory confirmation of diagnosis rapidly led to apparent interruption of wild poliovirus transmission throughout the Americas. The World Health Assembly in 1988 committed WHO to the global eradication of poliomyelitis. Based on experience in the Americas and building on the solid foundation established by the Expanded Programme on Immunization, WHO has defined the strategies through which the global target could be achieved. Progress is encouraging and where the advocated strategies have been fully implemented, the incidence of poliomyelitis has declined dramatically. Significant geographical areas in Western Europe, the Maghreb, the Arabian peninsula, the Pacific basin and Southern Africa, each incorporating several countries, are now thought to be free of the disease caused by wild poliovirus. The target of a world free of polio by the year 2000 can be achieved.
自从减毒口服脊髓灰质炎疫苗研发出来后，阿尔伯特·萨宾博士一直坚持认为全球根除野生脊髓灰质炎病毒是有可能的，但要在发展中国家实现脊髓灰质炎根除，则需要大规模接种口服疫苗。古巴和捷克斯洛伐克的经验证明了这种技术的有效性，但直到1980年在巴西应用该技术，其在从广泛地理区域根除病毒方面的作用才开始得到认识。随着1985年宣布区域根除脊髓灰质炎的目标，这一政策的推广，再加上对儿童急性弛缓性麻痹进行有效监测并通过实验室确诊，迅速导致整个美洲野生脊髓灰质炎病毒传播明显中断。1988年世界卫生大会责成世界卫生组织在全球根除脊髓灰质炎。基于美洲的经验并依托扩大免疫规划建立的坚实基础，世界卫生组织确定了实现全球目标的战略。进展令人鼓舞，在倡导的战略得到充分实施的地方，脊髓灰质炎发病率大幅下降。西欧、马格里布、阿拉伯半岛、太平洋盆地和南部非洲的重要地理区域，每个区域都包含几个国家，现在被认为已无野生脊髓灰质炎病毒引起的疾病。到2000年实现无脊髓灰质炎世界的目标是可以实现的。
