Murphy G L, Shapiro A M
University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.
Mem Cognit. 1994 Jan;22(1):85-94. doi: 10.3758/bf03202764.
In three experiments, the causes of forgetting of verbatim information in discourse were investigated. In Experiment 1, we tested the view that the surface form of a sentence decays when linguistic elements are integrated into larger discourse structures. Contrary to such a view, the results showed that when text could be integrated, both content and verbatim memory improved. In Experiment 2, we examined the possibility that task instructions could influence the level of memory for exact wording and content. The results showed that although task did influence the amount of verbatim memory, it did not affect memory for content. Experiment 3 was an investigation of the degree to which subjects would spontaneously encode surface information on the basis of the social interactiveness of the sentences. Past research has shown that verbatim memory for insults, jokes, and other personal utterances is quite good. In this experiment, identical sentences were tested in texts that had high versus low interactiveness. Verbatim memory was much higher for the same sentences in the highly interactive context. A pragmatic account of verbatim memory is given to explain how content and instructions influence the encoding of surface form.
在三个实验中，研究了语篇中逐字信息遗忘的原因。在实验1中，我们检验了这样一种观点：当语言元素被整合到更大的语篇结构中时，句子的表层形式会衰退。与这种观点相反，结果表明，当文本能够被整合时，内容记忆和逐字记忆都会得到改善。在实验2中，我们考察了任务指令是否会影响对确切措辞和内容的记忆水平。结果表明，虽然任务确实会影响逐字记忆的量，但它并不影响对内容的记忆。实验3研究了受试者会基于句子的社会互动性自发编码表层信息的程度。过去的研究表明，对侮辱性言论、笑话及其他个人话语的逐字记忆相当不错。在这个实验中，相同的句子在具有高互动性和低互动性的文本中进行测试。在高互动性语境中，相同句子的逐字记忆要高得多。给出了一个关于逐字记忆的语用解释，以说明内容和指令是如何影响表层形式的编码的。
