Turner P E, Raglin J S
Athletic Department, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996 Mar;28(3):378-85. doi: 10.1097/00005768-199603000-00014.
The influence of anxiety on sport performance was examined using the inverted-U hypothesis and Zone of Optimal Function (ZOF) theory. Sixty-seven collegiate track and field athletes completed versions of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) to determine baseline state anxiety, recalled best anxiety, and precompetition anxiety. Precompetition state anxiety was determined 1 h before competition in four meets. Three variants of the inverted-U hypothesis were examined: 1) task-specific anxiety, 2) individualized median precompetition anxiety, and 3) mean precompetition anxiety. For ZOF, optimal anxiety was established from anxiety scores based on recalled best performance. Subjects were grouped as either inside or outside of optimal anxiety levels according to inverted-U or ZOF criteria. Mean group performance was determined by transforming individual results using intra- and interindividual standards. ANOVA revealed that subjects possessing optimal anxiety according to inverted-U criteria performed no better (P > 0.05) than cases outside optimal. Subjects with precompetition anxiety values within their individual ZOF performed significantly (P < 0.05) better than cases with anxiety outside ZOF for all contrasts. The largest (P < 0.05) performance decrements resulted when anxiety was within a 1 SD range above or below ZOF. These results indicate that ZOF theory was more efficacious than the variants of the inverted-U hypothesis examined.
采用倒U型假说和最佳功能区（ZOF）理论研究焦虑对运动表现的影响。67名大学田径运动员完成了状态-特质焦虑量表（STAI）的不同版本，以确定基线状态焦虑、回忆最佳焦虑和赛前焦虑。在四场比赛中，于比赛前1小时确定赛前状态焦虑。研究了倒U型假说的三种变体：1）任务特定焦虑，2）个性化赛前焦虑中位数，3）赛前焦虑均值。对于ZOF，根据回忆的最佳表现从焦虑得分中确定最佳焦虑。根据倒U型或ZOF标准，将受试者分为最佳焦虑水平之内或之外。通过使用个体内和个体间标准转换个体结果来确定组平均表现。方差分析显示，根据倒U型标准具有最佳焦虑的受试者表现并不比最佳范围之外的受试者更好（P>0.05）。对于所有对比，赛前焦虑值在其个体ZOF范围内的受试者比焦虑在ZOF之外的受试者表现显著更好（P<0.05）。当焦虑在ZOF之上或之下1个标准差范围内时，表现下降最大（P<0.05）。这些结果表明，ZOF理论比所研究的倒U型假说变体更有效。
