Tremblay R E, Pihl R O, Vitaro F, Dobkin P L
Research Unit of Children's Psycho-Social Maladjustment, University of Montréal, Quebec.
Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994 Sep;51(9):732-9. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950090064009.
Data from a large longitudinal study of boys who were between kindergarten and age 13 years were used to (1) test whether Gray's and Cloninger's personality dimensions measured in kindergarten predicted the early onset of stable, highly delinquent behavior; (2) test whether 1, 2, or 3 dimensions were needed; and (3) test the predictive value of a categorical approach.
The impulsivity dimension was the best predictor of the early onset of stable, highly delinquent behavior. Anxiety and reward dependence made significant but weaker contributions. The categorical approach corroborated Cloninger's suggestion that boys who are high in impulsivity, low in anxiety, and low in reward dependence would be more at risk for delinquent involvement. Boys who were high in impulsivity and low in anxiety but high in reward dependence were much less at risk for delinquency. Differences in antisocial behavior among extreme kindergarten personality groups were stable from ages 11 to 13 years.
The behavioral activating system appears to be the major dimension underlying the propensity toward early onset of antisocial behavior, but both the behavioral inhibition system and the need for social rewards play important roles. The behavioral style (personality) that results from the interplay of these systems is clearly in place by the kindergarten year. Preventive efforts should target preschool children with at-risk behavior profiles. However, longitudinal-experimental studies with at least yearly assessments between birth and school-entry age are needed to understand the extent to which the behavioral styles are antecedent to preschool disruptive behavior disorders.
来自一项针对幼儿园至13岁男孩的大型纵向研究的数据用于：（1）测试在幼儿园测量的格雷和克隆宁格的人格维度是否能预测稳定的、高度违法犯罪行为的早期发生；（2）测试需要1、2或3个维度；以及（3）测试分类方法的预测价值。
冲动性维度是稳定的、高度违法犯罪行为早期发生的最佳预测指标。焦虑和奖赏依赖有显著但较弱的贡献。分类方法证实了克隆宁格的观点，即冲动性高、焦虑低和奖赏依赖低的男孩参与违法犯罪的风险更高。冲动性高、焦虑低但奖赏依赖高的男孩违法犯罪的风险要低得多。极端幼儿园人格组之间反社会行为的差异在11至13岁时保持稳定。
行为激活系统似乎是反社会行为早期发生倾向的主要维度，但行为抑制系统和对社会奖赏的需求都发挥着重要作用。这些系统相互作用产生的行为风格（人格）在幼儿园阶段就已明确形成。预防措施应针对有行为风险特征的学龄前儿童。然而，需要进行纵向实验研究，在出生至入学年龄期间至少每年进行评估，以了解行为风格在多大程度上先于学龄前破坏性行为障碍出现。
