HIV infection of placental macrophages: their potential role in vertical transmission.

Placental macrophages were isolated and cultured in vitro to investigate their susceptibility to HIV infection and possible role in vertical transmission of HIV. After 10 days of in vitro culture the cells were positive for nonspecific esterase and acid phosphatase and negative for myeloperoxidase and placental alkaline phosphatase. They expressed cell surface HLA-ABC, HLA-DR, CD45, as well as CD68 intracellularly, as detected by flow cytometry, confirming their macrophage lineage. Approximately 80% of cells expressed surface CD14. CD4 antigen was expressed at very low levels and was confirmed by antibody blocking experiments. Infection of placental macrophage cultures with HIV resulted in a transient peak of viral replication 3 to 7 days after infection, but no later rise in HIV was detected with culture of up to 60 days. HIV replication was not up-regulated by coculture with phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes or by treating infected cultures with tumor necrosis factor alpha or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor.