Touratier L
Rev Sci Tech. 1993 Mar;12(1):237-72.
There is increasing interest in many parts of the world in trypanosomoses other than those transmitted by tsetse flies, as shown by numerous research projects and field studies. The refinement of techniques for studying the behaviour of trypanosomes (techniques of molecular biology) in axenic culture or in the parasitised host has led to progress in diagnosis and immunology, and a rational approach to chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis of these infections. Field trials of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in Africa, Asia and South America have shown that these tests may now be regarded as reliable in demonstrating antibodies or antigens for Trypanosoma evansi infection in buffalo, cattle and camels, and for mono-infection with T. equiperdum in equines. However, it is not yet possible to differentiate reliably between infections with T. evansi and T. equiperdum in equines. The card agglutination trypanosomosis test (CATT) has been adapted to T. evansi infection and can also be recommended. Immunosuppression induced by T. evansi infection inhibits the immune response to vaccination against Pasteurella haemolytica. In areas freed from tsetse flies (Cameroon, Central African Republic, Zambia) it has been observed that Trypanosoma vivax can be transmitted mechanically by other biting insects, which are at present being identified. Research on trypanocides has led to the toxic factor for Trypanosoma brucei or T. equiperdum present in human or simian serum being localised to the high density lipoprotein of serum lipoproteins. Various derivatives are being tested under laboratory conditions, and the efficacy of some (e.g. ronidazole) is being checked at present, while others are ready to pass to the development stage (e.g. IMOL 881). Melarsomine, already available commercially (as Cymelarsan) for the treatment of T. evansi infection in camels, is being studied for possible use in other species of animals.
正如众多研究项目和实地研究所示，世界许多地区对采采蝇传播之外的锥虫病的兴趣日益浓厚。在无菌培养或受感染宿主中研究锥虫行为的技术（分子生物学技术）的改进，已在诊断和免疫学方面取得进展，并为这些感染的化疗和化学预防提供了合理方法。在非洲、亚洲和南美洲进行的酶联免疫吸附测定的现场试验表明，现在可以认为这些试验在检测水牛、牛和骆驼中伊氏锥虫感染的抗体或抗原以及马属动物中马媾疫锥虫单一感染方面是可靠的。然而，目前还无法可靠地区分马属动物中伊氏锥虫和马媾疫锥虫的感染。卡片凝集锥虫病试验（CATT）已适用于伊氏锥虫感染，也可推荐使用。伊氏锥虫感染诱导的免疫抑制会抑制针对溶血巴斯德菌疫苗接种的免疫反应。在没有采采蝇的地区（喀麦隆、中非共和国、赞比亚），已观察到活泼锥虫可由其他叮咬昆虫机械传播，目前正在对这些昆虫进行鉴定。对锥虫杀灭剂的研究已将人或猴血清中存在的布氏锥虫或马媾疫锥虫的毒性因子定位到血清脂蛋白的高密度脂蛋白上。目前正在实验室条件下测试各种衍生物，一些衍生物（如罗硝唑）的疗效正在检查中，而其他衍生物已准备好进入开发阶段（如IMOL 881）。已在市场上销售的美拉胂醇（商品名为Cymelarsan）用于治疗骆驼中的伊氏锥虫感染，目前正在研究其在其他动物物种中的可能用途。
