Foot and ankle problems in dancers.

Lower extremity problems, specifically in the feet and ankles, are common in dancers. This is not surprising considering the repetitive and acute stresses applied to lower limbs during this rigorous performing arts activity. When evaluating a dancer with lower extremity complaints, the nature of these demands must be appreciated. In addition to routine physical examination, static and dynamic biomechanical evaluation is paramount to analysis and treatment of leg, foot, and ankle conditions. Although a particular problem, such as painful bunion, may seem localized, it is often related to other factors, such as weak posterior tibial tendon, tight heel cords, or inadequate or forced turnout. It is incumbent on the physician to treat the specific area and, more importantly, to discover contributing factors that may be corrected by changes in technique or training. The physician caring for dancers should communicate with the instructor, physical therapist, or choreographer to facilitate the process. An overview of some common maladies and their characteristics findings are presented.