Stratton P, Alexander N J
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development/Center for Population Research/Contraceptive Development Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
Infect Dis Clin North Am. 1993 Dec;7(4):841-59.
Barrier contraceptives, including mechanical methods, chemical methods, and combinations thereof, have the potential to decrease the spread of STDs, are inexpensive, and do not have any systemic effects. Currently, the concerns that the efficacy of latex condoms is limited because they are not consistently used, they can break, may cause allergies, and have a limited shelf-life has led to the development of condoms made of other materials such as polyurethane. Spermicides using nonoxynol-9 as their active ingredient have been shown to be effective in preventing the transmission of some STDs such as gonorrhea and chlamydia. In the absence of well-controlled studies of nonoxynol-9 efficacy against HIV, questions have been raised that some formulations, high doses, or frequent use may be associated with genital tract irritation, and possibly, enhancement of HIV transmission. Because heterosexual transmission will continue to be the major route of HIV transmission worldwide, the development and consistent use of a chemical or mechanical barrier during intercourse may be the best way to decrease the spread of HIV.
屏障避孕法，包括机械方法、化学方法及其组合，有可能减少性传播疾病的传播，价格低廉，且无任何全身作用。目前，由于乳胶避孕套使用不持续、可能破裂、会引起过敏且保质期有限，人们担心其有效性受限，这促使了由其他材料（如聚氨酯）制成的避孕套的研发。以壬苯醇醚-9为活性成分的杀精剂已被证明在预防某些性传播疾病（如淋病和衣原体感染）的传播方面有效。在缺乏关于壬苯醇醚-9对艾滋病毒有效性的严格对照研究的情况下，有人提出疑问，即某些配方、高剂量或频繁使用可能与生殖道刺激有关，甚至可能增加艾滋病毒的传播。由于异性传播仍将是全球艾滋病毒传播的主要途径，在性交过程中研发并持续使用化学或机械屏障可能是减少艾滋病毒传播的最佳方法。
