Confer A W
Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078.
Vet Microbiol. 1993 Nov;37(3-4):353-68. doi: 10.1016/0378-1135(93)90034-5.
The family Pasteurellaceae Pohl contains Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic and fermentative bacteria of the genera Pasteurella, Haemophilus, and Actinobacillus. Approximately 20 different species of the genus Pasteurella have been identified using phenotypic and genetic analyses. Of these species, P. multocida and P. haemolytica are the most prominent pathogens in domestic animals causing severe diseases and major economic losses in the cattle, swine, sheep, and poultry industries. Mechanisms of immunity to these bacteria have been difficult to determine, and efficacious vaccines have been a challenge to develop and evaluate. Pasteurella multocida of serogroups A and D are mainly responsible for disease in North American poultry and pigs and to a lesser extent in cattle. Fowl cholera in chickens and turkeys is caused by various serotypes of P. multocida serogroup A and characterized by acute septicemia and fibrinous pneumonia or chronic fibrinopurulent inflammation of various tissues. Current biologicals in use are live P. multocida vaccines and bacterins. Potency tests for avian P. multocida biologicals are a bacterial colony count for vaccines and vaccination and challenge of birds for bacterins. Somatic antigens, particularly lipopolysaccharide (LPS), appear to be of major importance in immunity. In North American cattle, P. multocida serogroup A is associated mainly with bronchopneumonia (enzootic pneumonia) in young calves; however, it is occasionally isolated from fibrinous pleuropneumonia of feedlot cattle (shipping fever). Biologicals currently available are modified-live vaccines and bacterins. The potency test for vaccines is bacterial colony counts. The test for bacterin potency is vaccination and challenge of mice. Important immunogens have not been well characterized for P. multocida infection in cattle. In swine, P. multocida infection is sometimes associated with pneumonia; however, its major importance is in atrophic rhinitis. A protein toxin (dermonecrotic toxin), produced by toxigenic strains of P. multocida types A and D, and concurrent infection with Bordetella bronchiseptica appear to be the major factors in development of atrophic rhinitis. Currently available biologicals are bacterins and inactivated toxins (toxoids). The toxin appears to be the major immunogen for preventing atrophic rhinitis. There are, however, no standardized requirements for potency testing of P. multocida type D toxoid. Various serotypes of P. haemolytica biotype A are responsible for severe fibrinous pleuropneumonia of cattle and sheep, occasionally septicemia of lambs, and mastitis in ewes. Several serotypes of P. haemolytica biotype T are isolated from acute septicemia of lambs. The currently available P. haemolytica biologicals are modified-live vaccines, bacterins, bacterial surface extracts, and culture supernates that contain an exotoxin (leukotoxin).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
巴斯德菌科包含革兰氏阴性、兼性厌氧且能发酵的细菌，如巴斯德菌属、嗜血杆菌属和放线杆菌属。通过表型和基因分析已鉴定出约20种不同的巴斯德菌属菌种。在这些菌种中，多杀巴斯德菌和溶血巴斯德菌是家畜中最主要的病原体，在牛、猪、羊和家禽养殖业中引发严重疾病并造成重大经济损失。针对这些细菌的免疫机制难以确定，开发和评估有效的疫苗一直是一项挑战。血清群A和D的多杀巴斯德菌主要导致北美家禽和猪发病，对牛的影响较小。鸡和火鸡的禽霍乱由多杀巴斯德菌血清群A的各种血清型引起，其特征为急性败血症和纤维素性肺炎或各种组织的慢性纤维蛋白脓性炎症。目前使用的生物制品有活的多杀巴斯德菌疫苗和菌苗。禽多杀巴斯德菌生物制品的效力测试对于疫苗是细菌菌落计数，对于菌苗是对禽类进行接种和攻毒。体细胞抗原，特别是脂多糖（LPS），在免疫中似乎至关重要。在北美牛中，多杀巴斯德菌血清群A主要与犊牛的支气管肺炎（地方流行性肺炎）有关；不过，偶尔也从育肥牛的纤维素性胸膜肺炎（运输热）中分离到。目前可用的生物制品有改良活疫苗和菌苗。疫苗的效力测试是细菌菌落计数。菌苗效力测试是对小鼠进行接种和攻毒。对于牛感染多杀巴斯德菌，重要的免疫原尚未得到很好的表征。在猪中，多杀巴斯德菌感染有时与肺炎有关；然而，其主要影响在于萎缩性鼻炎。由A和D型产毒素多杀巴斯德菌菌株产生的一种蛋白质毒素（皮肤坏死毒素），以及与支气管败血波氏杆菌的并发感染，似乎是萎缩性鼻炎发生的主要因素。目前可用的生物制品有菌苗和灭活毒素（类毒素）。该毒素似乎是预防萎缩性鼻炎的主要免疫原。然而，对于D型多杀巴斯德菌类毒素的效力测试没有标准化要求。溶血巴斯德菌生物型A的各种血清型导致牛和羊的严重纤维素性胸膜肺炎，偶尔导致羔羊败血症和母羊乳腺炎。溶血巴斯德菌生物型T的几种血清型从羔羊急性败血症中分离得到。目前可用的溶血巴斯德菌生物制品有改良活疫苗、菌苗、细菌表面提取物和含有外毒素（白细胞毒素）的培养上清液。（摘要截选至400字）
