Jussim L
Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903.
J Pers. 1993 Dec;61(4):637-68. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1993.tb00785.x.
Research and theory on interpersonal expectations have been dominated by a strong social constructivist perspective arguing that expectancies are often inaccurate and a major force in the creation of social reality. The reflection-construction model is an attempt to examine these strong claims conceptually and empirically. This model assumes that social perception includes both constructivist phenomena and accuracy. When this model is used as a framework for interpreting research on teacher expectations and on the role of stereotypes in person perception, it shows that interpersonal expectancies are often accurate, and usually lead only to relatively small biases and self-fulfilling prophecies. The model also is used to interpret research on expectancies that has provided some of the foundations for the strong constructivist perspective. This reflection-construction analysis shows that even those studies strongly suggest that people's expectations generally will be highly accurate.
关于人际期望的研究和理论一直被一种强烈的社会建构主义观点所主导，该观点认为期望往往不准确，并且是创造社会现实的一股主要力量。反映-建构模型试图从概念和实证两方面检验这些有力的主张。该模型假定社会认知既包括建构主义现象，也包括准确性。当此模型被用作解释关于教师期望以及刻板印象在人际认知中的作用的研究的框架时，它表明人际期望往往是准确的，并且通常只会导致相对较小的偏差和自我实现预言。该模型还被用于解释为强烈的建构主义观点提供了一些基础的关于期望的研究。这种反映-建构分析表明，即使是那些研究也强烈表明人们的期望通常会高度准确。
