Child C G, Hinerman D L, Kauffman G L
Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1978 Oct;147(4):529-33.
Pancreaticoduodenectomy, the Whipple operation, is a reasonable operation for carcinoma if used in the absence of distant metastases or regional spread to vital structures. It can be performed with an acceptable in-hospital mortality. It is primarily a palliative surgical procedure. Occasionally, a patient will survive more than five years. At times, the operation is fully justified or cannot be avoided for nonmalignant conditions.
胰十二指肠切除术，即惠普尔手术，如果在没有远处转移或未侵犯重要结构的区域扩散的情况下用于治疗癌症，是一种合理的手术方式。该手术的院内死亡率可以接受。它主要是一种姑息性外科手术。偶尔，患者能存活超过五年。有时，该手术对于非恶性疾病完全合理或无法避免。
