Posner B M, Jette A, Smigelski C, Miller D, Mitchell P
Department of Social and Behavioral Science, Boston University School of Public Health, Massachusetts.
J Gerontol. 1994 May;49(3):M123-32. doi: 10.1093/geronj/49.3.m123.
To better define nutritional risk among older Americans, a cross-sectional study of nutrition and health status was carried out in a probability sample of 1,156 free-living elders, 70 years and older, from 67 communities representing urban and rural areas of the six New England states.
All participants completed telephone interviews concerning demographic and health characteristics. A subsample of 1,156 individuals underwent in-home assessments of oral health, anthropometrics, and nutritional risk, including a 24-hour dietary recall.
Nutrition-related problems were common and diverse among New England elders. Some 41.5% were overweight (BMI > 27 kg/m2), and mean dietary lipid intakes were considerably above recommended levels (Healthy People 2000 (National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives). Some 16% were underweight (BMI < 22 kg/m2), mean dietary calcium levels were low, and about 28% of older individuals failed to consume adequate levels (> 75% the Recommended Dietary Allowance for persons 51 years and older) for three or more key nutrients. Persons of advanced age or who smoked were more likely to have high dietary lipid intakes or less than adequate nutrient intake. Higher dietary lipid levels were also more common among men and individuals who lived with others. Low nutrient intake was more prevalent in those with lower educational attainment and dental problems.
Nutrition policies and multidisciplinary interventions for older Americans need to emphasize the spectrum of nutritional problems in the elderly, including dietary excesses and potential nutrient deficiencies. The demographic and life-style characteristics that place older individuals at high nutritional risk need to be considered, particularly advanced age, gender, living situation, smoking, dietary behavior, educational attainment, and dental health.
为了更好地界定美国老年人的营养风险，我们对来自新英格兰六个州城乡地区67个社区的1156名70岁及以上的自由生活老年人进行了一项营养与健康状况的横断面研究，该样本为概率样本。
所有参与者均完成了关于人口统计学和健康特征的电话访谈。1156名个体的子样本接受了口腔健康、人体测量学和营养风险的居家评估，包括24小时饮食回顾。
营养相关问题在新英格兰老年人中普遍且多样。约41.5%的人体重超重（体重指数>27千克/平方米），膳食脂质平均摄入量远高于推荐水平（《2000年健康人群》（国家健康促进和疾病预防目标））。约16%的人体重过轻（体重指数<22千克/平方米），膳食钙平均水平较低，约28%的老年人三种或更多关键营养素的摄入量未达到足够水平（超过51岁及以上人群推荐膳食摄入量的75%）。高龄者或吸烟者更有可能膳食脂质摄入量高或营养素摄入不足。较高的膳食脂质水平在男性和与他人同住者中也更为常见。营养素摄入量低在受教育程度较低和有牙齿问题的人群中更为普遍。
针对美国老年人的营养政策和多学科干预措施需要强调老年人营养问题的范围，包括饮食过量和潜在的营养素缺乏。需要考虑使老年人面临高营养风险的人口统计学和生活方式特征，特别是高龄、性别、生活状况、吸烟、饮食行为、受教育程度和牙齿健康。
