Uleman J S, Moskowitz G B
Department of Psychology, New York University, New York 10003.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1994 Mar;66(3):490-501. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.66.3.490.
Three studies investigated unintended effects of goals on spontaneous trait inferences (STIs). Ss read trait-implying sentences to memorize them, to analyze sentence features, or to make social judgments. Cued recall revealed unintended (spontaneous) trait and behavioral-gist inferences. They were equally frequent with all the social judgment goals and absent or infrequent with feature analysis goals. Memorizing the sentences while ignoring their meaning reduced, but did not eliminate, STIs. Goals also affected whether traits were linked directly to actors in explicit memory. Social inferences can occur without intentions or awareness, even when meanings are intentionally ignored, as incidental results of analyzing stimulus details, and as intermediate but unnoticed results of other social judgments. Goals affect these inference likelihoods.
三项研究调查了目标对自发特质推理（STIs）的意外影响。参与者阅读隐含特质的句子，目的是记住这些句子、分析句子特征或做出社会判断。线索回忆揭示了意外的（自发的）特质和行为要点推理。在所有社会判断目标下，这些推理出现的频率相同，而在特征分析目标下则不存在或很少出现。在忽略句子含义的情况下记忆句子会减少但不会消除自发特质推理。目标还影响了特质在显性记忆中是否直接与行为者相关联。社会推理可以在没有意图或意识的情况下发生，即使在故意忽略含义时，作为分析刺激细节的附带结果，以及作为其他社会判断的中间但未被注意到的结果。目标会影响这些推理的可能性。
