Winter L, Uleman J S, Cunniff C
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1985 Oct;49(4):904-17. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.49.4.904.
Do people infer personality dispositions automatically when they encode behavior? Tulving's encoding-specificity paradigm was adapted to test three operational indicants of automatism: absence of intention, of interference from other mental activity, and of awareness. Recruited for a digit-recall study, subjects read sentences describing actions during the retention interval of either an easy or a difficult digit recall task. Later, sentence recall was cued by (a) disposition cues, (b) strong semantic associates to the sentence actor, or (c) words representing the gist of the sentence, or (d) sentence recall was not cued. Awareness was measured immediately after the last sentence was read. Disposition-cued recall was higher than (b) or (d) and was unaffected by digit recall difficulty. Awareness of making dispositional inferences was only weakly correlated with disposition-cued recall. Results suggest that disposition inferences occurred at encoding, without intention, without interference by differential drain on processing capacity, and with little awareness. Thus, making dispositional inferences seems to be largely, but not entirely, automatic.
人们在对行为进行编码时会自动推断人格特质吗？采用图尔文的编码特异性范式来测试自动化的三个操作指标：无意图、无其他心理活动的干扰以及无觉知。招募参与数字回忆研究的受试者在简单或困难数字回忆任务的保持间隔期间阅读描述行为的句子。之后，通过以下方式提示句子回忆：(a) 特质提示、(b) 与句子行为者的强语义关联词、(c) 代表句子主旨的词，或者 (d) 不提示句子回忆。在读完最后一个句子后立即测量觉知。特质提示回忆高于 (b) 或 (d)，并且不受数字回忆难度的影响。做出特质推断的觉知与特质提示回忆仅存在微弱的相关性。结果表明，特质推断在编码时发生，没有意图，没有因处理能力差异消耗而产生的干扰，并且几乎没有觉知。因此，做出特质推断似乎在很大程度上是自动的，但并非完全如此。
