Povinelli D J, Rulf A B, Bierschwale D T
Laboratory of Comparative Behavioral Biology, New Iberia Research Center, University of Southwestern, Louisiana 70560.
J Comp Psychol. 1994 Mar;108(1):74-80. doi: 10.1037/0735-7036.108.1.74.
Mirror self-recognition in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) is typically delayed until 4 1/2-8 years of age. Also, species capable of mirror self-recognition may be capable of some forms of mental state attribution related to intentions and knowledge. Previous investigations of knowledge attribution by chimpanzees used adolescents and adults but did not explicitly test for self-recognition. We report an investigation of knowledge attribution in 6 young chimpanzees previously tested for self-recognition. Subjects were required to discriminate between a person who had seen where food was hidden and another person who had not. The results are consistent with the proposition that most chimpanzees younger than 4 1/2 years of age show neither mirror self-recognition nor knowledge attribution. The results are also consistent with the idea that, just as in humans, development of self-recognition in chimpanzees may precede development of knowledge attribution.
黑猩猩（Pan troglodytes）的镜像自我识别通常会延迟到4.5至8岁。此外，能够进行镜像自我识别的物种可能具备某些与意图和知识相关的心理状态归因能力。此前关于黑猩猩知识归因的研究使用的是青少年和成年黑猩猩，但没有明确测试自我识别能力。我们报告了一项对6只曾接受过自我识别测试的幼年黑猩猩进行的知识归因研究。实验要求受试者区分一个看到食物藏在哪里的人和另一个没看到的人。结果表明，大多数4.5岁以下的黑猩猩既没有表现出镜像自我识别能力，也没有知识归因能力。这一结果也与以下观点一致：正如在人类中一样，黑猩猩自我识别能力的发展可能先于知识归因能力的发展。
