[Epidemiological malaria surveillance in 3 villages of the Madagascar highlands].

Results of the epidemiological surveillance of falciparum malaria carried out since 1987 in three villages of the malagasy Highlands are reported. They clearly show the unsteady endemo-epidemic characteristic of the disease with highly variable transmission levels according to foci. At Manarintsoa, a south-western village 20km away from the Capital, the disease has now fully disappeared after the ravage of 1986. But it might reappear with new imported cases and by lack of antivectorial measures. Although Anopheles arabiensis had been rare and its aggressivity rate weak (0.91-2 infecting bites per year per man), surveillance is indispensable for the future. An Ankazobe and Mahavelona, two north-western localities respectively 100km and 65km away from Antananarivo, malaria is endemic with periodic outbreaks during rainy season. At Ankazobe, Anopheles funestus is the main vector maintaining endemic in this area while the role of Anopheles gambiae l.s. is only secondary. At Mahavelona, because of the weak presence of vectors, the treatment protocol by Quinimax has been applied in order to study transmission. This study obviously shows that contrary to set ideas in the Highlands, backward transmission is possible up to the first months of the austral winter (June-July). In these two last villages, adults have acquired some premunition.