Tanycytes in the sunfish brain: NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry and regional distribution.

NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry has been shown to be a useful method for identifying cells that synthesize and release nitric oxide, which is implicated in the modulation of a variety of neural functions, including synaptic transmission, cerebral blood flow, and excitotoxicity. In the sunfish brain, NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry stains tanycytes specifically and almost exclusively, allowing for a thorough examination of the morphology and distribution of this type of cell. Tanycytes are nonciliated, process-bearing ependymal and extraependymal cells that contact the ventricular surface via apical processes, and the pial surface via basal processes. Ependymal tanycytes are located at the ventricular surface, and project basal processes into the parenchyma of the brain. Extraependymal tanycytes are found away from the ventricular matrix. Some extraependymal tanycytes are small, bipolar, and tend to be associated with bundles of basal processes. Isolated extraependymal tanycytes are larger, darkly stained, and multipolar. Their basal processes terminate in specialized endfeet on blood vessels, neuronal somata, or the pial surface. Specialized types of tanycytes are found in the optic tectum, the epineurial septum between axonal bundles along the midline in the medulla, and in restricted regions on the pial surface in the medulla. The only NADPH-diaphorase-positive neurons are found in the commissural nucleus of area ventralis telencephali. Injection of horseradish peroxidase into the ventricles shows that tanycytes lining the third and fourth ventricles are capable of taking up the tracer and transporting it into their basal processes. Tanycytes are unevenly distributed in the brain. There is a rough rostrocaudal gradient of cell density: tanycytes are sparse in the telencephalon and dense in the isthmus and medulla, although cell density is low in the spinal cord. Not all ventricular linings contain tanycytes: cell density is low in the medial ventricle of the telencephalon and in the infundibular recess, and high along the fourth ventricle. The function of tanycytes in the sunfish is not known. The association of tanycytes with both the ventricles and blood vessels raises the possibility that they play some role in sampling the biochemical constituents of both compartments and communicating the information to neural elements. It is proposed that tanycytes react to the biochemical composition in the ventricle and plasma by increasing or decreasing nitric oxide synthesis and release, which in turn influence neuronal activity or cerebral blood flow.