The role of the sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium ions in the transfer of energy at the level of the ATP molecule.

According to our model, in the stage which precedes the delivery of energy from the high-energy bond, one calcium ion and two sodium ions are fixed by the phosphates of the ATP molecule. In this way, a triangle of ions with the peak situated near the high-energy bond is formed. This triangle is an electric polarizing system, which directs the electronic orbitals of the phosphates in two diverging directions, starting from the calcium ion and going to the two sodium ions. The above-mentioned polarization helps, at the opportune moment, the breaking of the high-energy bond and the delivery of two waves of electronic excitation. In the stage which precedes the recovery of the high-energy bond, one magnesium ion takes the position of the calcium ion, and two potassium ions replace the two sodium ions. These ions form a polarizing system, which directs the electronic orbitals of the ADP and phosphoric acid molecule in two converging directions, starting from the two potassium ions and arriving at the magnesium ion. This polarization favours the building of the high-energy bond, when two waves of electronic excitation arising from a donor molecule arrive at the level of the two phosphates which must be united.