Zakay D
Department of Psychology, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Israel.
Percept Psychophys. 1993 Nov;54(5):656-64. doi: 10.3758/bf03211789.
A dual-process contingency model of short duration judgment is proposed and tested. The first process, or P(t), is a timer that uses cognitive capacity to keep track of units of time. If capacity is directed toward other tasks, P(t) will record fewer units and produce lower time judgments than when capacity is not directed toward other tasks. This timing process is most likely to affect performance when people know in advance (prospective judgments) that time judgments will be required and when absolute, rather than relative, judgments are made. The second process, or P(m), which is used for retrospective and relative judgments, judges duration on the basis of the number of remembered high priority events (HPEs) occurring during the interval. When this process is used, time judgments increase with the amount of HPEs that can be retrieved at the moment of judgment. Two experiments are reported. Tactual stimuli were presented, and nontemporal information processing load (simple or complex stimuli), type of judgment (absolute or relative), and judgment paradigm (prospective or retrospective) were manipulated. The results obtained support the proposed dual-process contingency model.
提出并检验了一个关于短时长判断的双过程权变模型。第一个过程，即P(t)，是一个定时器，它利用认知能力来记录时间单位。如果认知能力被用于其他任务，那么与认知能力未被用于其他任务时相比，P(t)记录的时间单位会更少，从而产生更低的时间判断。当人们提前知道（前瞻性判断）需要进行时间判断，以及进行绝对判断而非相对判断时，这个计时过程最有可能影响表现。第二个过程，即P(m)，用于回顾性和相对判断，它根据在该时间段内记住的高优先级事件（HPE）的数量来判断时长。当使用这个过程时，时间判断会随着在判断时刻能够检索到的HPE数量的增加而增加。报告了两个实验。呈现了触觉刺激，并对非时间信息处理负荷（简单或复杂刺激）、判断类型（绝对或相对）和判断范式（前瞻性或回顾性）进行了操纵。获得的结果支持了所提出的双过程权变模型。
