Ishizu H
Department of Legal Medicine, Okayama University Medical School, Japan.
Nihon Hoigaku Zasshi. 1993 Dec;47(6):423-34.
The progress of sex identification methods for forensic biological materials such as dried bloodstains and others is reviewed on the basis of results obtained in our laboratory. Barr and Bertram (1949) discovered sexual dimorphism of mammalian interphase nuclei based on the presence of sex chromatin in the female and its absence in the male and also recognized a similar sex difference in human cells. Davidson and Smith (1954) first demonstrated sexual dimorphism in the polymorphonuclear leucocytes in the peripheral blood in man based on the presence of drumstick in the female and its absence in the male. Dixon and Torr (1956) first utilized the sex chromatin in the female nucleus to determine the sex from forensic materials. Matsumoto (1959, 1960) described a method to identify the sex from dried bloodstains by detecting drumstick. In general, however, the use of drumstick for the sex determination from dried bloodstains is very difficult because of a low frequency of drumstick itself and deformities of leucocyte nuclei in the stains by drying. Late in 1971, we introduced a method for detecting Y chromatin in the interphase nuclei of human male by fluorescent microscopy as a new tool for decisive male sex determination from forensic materials. This method was accepted as the reliable means to identify sex in forensic medicine. Since 1980, we have studied to identify sex from bloodstains by the ratio of sex hormones, testosterone and progesterone, determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA). We also examined the method of Witt and Erickson (1989) to detect Y and X chromosome specific DNA sequences using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and we improved this technique to exhibit its ability to identify sex from forensic materials. Our improved PCR method is thought to have a broad applicability to forensic practice because of its simplicity, sensitivity and reliability.
基于我们实验室获得的结果，对诸如干血斑等法医物证的性别鉴定方法进展进行了综述。巴尔和伯特伦（1949年）基于雌性间期核中存在性染色质而雄性中不存在这一现象，发现了哺乳动物间期核的性二态性，并且也认识到人类细胞中存在类似的性别差异。戴维森和史密斯（1954年）首次基于女性外周血多形核白细胞中存在鼓槌体而男性中不存在这一现象，证明了人类外周血多形核白细胞中的性二态性。狄克逊和托尔（1956年）首次利用女性细胞核中的性染色质从法医物证中确定性别。松本（1959年、1960年）描述了一种通过检测鼓槌体从干血斑中鉴定性别的方法。然而，一般来说，由于鼓槌体本身出现频率较低以及血斑中白细胞核因干燥而变形，利用鼓槌体从干血斑中进行性别鉴定非常困难。1971年末，我们引入了一种通过荧光显微镜检测人类男性间期核中Y染色质的方法，作为从法医物证中决定性别的男性的新工具。该方法被公认为法医学中鉴定性别的可靠手段。自1980年以来，我们研究了通过放射免疫测定法（RIA）测定的性激素睾酮和孕酮的比例从血斑中鉴定性别的方法。我们还研究了维特和埃里克森（1989年）利用聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测Y和X染色体特异性DNA序列的方法，并对该技术进行了改进，以展现其从法医物证中鉴定性别的能力。我们改进的PCR方法因其简单、灵敏和可靠，被认为在法医实践中有广泛的适用性。
