Decision making by patients with breast cancer: the role of information in treatment selection.

In recent years, patients have become more involved in the clinical decision-making process, yet the nature of this process, including the role of information, is poorly understood. The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine the relationship between information about breast cancer treatment alternatives and patients' choices of treatments. The target population was all patients with breast cancer in the process of deciding between breast conservation (lumpectomy plus irradiation) and more traditional management (modified radical mastectomy, with or without reconstruction). A convenience sample of 71 female patients with stage I or II breast cancer was drawn from a breast clinic affiliated with a 1,000-bed tertiary medical center. The amount of information provided to each subject and the nature of its presentation were recorded using an observer checklist. Recall of information and final treatment selection were ascertained during telephone interviews conducted six to eight weeks after surgery. The results indicate that subjects' choice of treatment was unrelated to the amount of information they received during the clinic visit. Manner of presentation also did not influence treatment selection. However, treatment selection was related to the amount of information subjects received prior to their clinic visit (p < 0.01). The results also indicate that patients' recall of information about treatments and associated risks is exceedingly poor. Clinical and legal implications are discussed and recommendations for further research are offered in this article.