Jensen P S, Shaw J
Child and Adolescent Disorders Research Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Rockville, Maryland 20857.
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1993 Jul;32(4):697-708. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199307000-00001.
Recent international events have drawn attention to the effects of war-related events and processes on children and their families. This review of the literature concerning the existence, frequency, and type of social, emotional, and behavioral problems in children exposed to war indicates significant methodological problems in previous research. Available evidence suggests that massive exposure to wartime trauma seems likely to overwhelm most children's defenses; however, children's cognitive immaturity, plasticity, and innate adaptive capacities may mitigate war's effects in low-to-moderately intense wartime settings, resulting in self-protective, adaptive, cognitive styles that allow effective functioning after acclimatization. Promising recent research has shifted from the focus on psychopathology to social awareness, values, and attitudes. More research will be needed to determine how age, developmental, family, and community factors may mediate the strength and nature of wartime effects, and to determine which interventions are most effective in a variety of settings and cultural contexts.
近期的国际事件引发了人们对与战争相关的事件和进程对儿童及其家庭影响的关注。这篇关于战争中儿童社会、情感和行为问题的存在、频率及类型的文献综述表明，以往研究存在重大方法学问题。现有证据表明，大量接触战时创伤似乎很可能压垮大多数儿童的防御能力；然而，儿童认知上的不成熟、可塑性和天生的适应能力，可能会减轻低至中度紧张战时环境中战争的影响，从而形成自我保护、适应性的认知方式，使他们在适应后能有效发挥功能。近期有前景的研究已从关注精神病理学转向社会意识、价值观和态度。还需要更多研究来确定年龄、发育、家庭和社区因素如何调节战时影响的强度和性质，并确定在各种环境和文化背景下哪种干预措施最有效。
