Applied ergonomics: adaptive equipment and instrument modification for musicians.

Failure or difficulty in treating musicians' overuse injuries is often due to overlooking aggravating roles of activities of daily living. Numerous devices are available for people with limited or painful hand function to protect joints and minimize stress of daily activities. The occupational therapist can evaluate the patient and determine which adaptations are appropriate. Instruments may be modified to render them more ergonomic and less likely to cause injuries; this is especially true for wind instruments. Biomechanically and ergonomically correct seating can minimize back and neck strain. Orthotics, such as modified chin and shoulder rests for the violin, may minimize the stress and strain of holding an instrument. Just as there is a drive to make buildings and public transportation barrier-free to the physically disabled, musical instruments can be made barrier-free with adaptations like terminal devices for upper extremity prostheses. Principles of industrial and occupational medicine, especially regarding ergonomics and adaptive equipment, can be applied to the musical patient for treatment and prevention of injuries.