Bruning-Fann C S, Kaneene J B
Population Medicine Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824-1314.
Vet Hum Toxicol. 1993 Jun;35(3):237-53.
The clinical signs of acute nitrate toxicity vary according to species. In general, ruminant animals develop methemoglobinemia while monogastric animals exhibit severe gastritis. Nitrate ingestion has also been linked to impairment of thyroid function, decreased feed consumption, and interference with vitamin A and E metabolism. Hematologic changes seen with chronic high nitrate exposure include both compensatory increases in red blood cells and anemia, along with increased neutrophils and eosinophils. Unlike nitrate, nitrite is capable of inducing methemoglobinemia in a wide range of species, ie cattle, sheep, swine, dogs, guinea pigs, rats, chickens and turkeys. In rats, chronic nitrite exposure causes pathologic changes in a variety of tissues, alterations in motor activity and brain electrical activity, and alters gastric mucosal absorption. Nitrite affects the metabolism of sulfonamide drugs in animals such as the pig, guinea pig, and rat. The N-nitroso compound dimethylnitrosamine causes toxic hepatosis in cattle, sheep, mink, and fox. Nitrosamines have been reported in cows milk and been found to pass into the milk of goats under experimental conditions.
急性硝酸盐中毒的临床症状因物种而异。一般来说，反刍动物会出现高铁血红蛋白血症，而单胃动物则表现出严重的胃炎。摄入硝酸盐还与甲状腺功能受损、采食量减少以及干扰维生素A和E的代谢有关。长期高硝酸盐暴露引起的血液学变化包括红细胞代偿性增加和贫血，以及中性粒细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞增多。与硝酸盐不同，亚硝酸盐能够在多种物种中诱发高铁血红蛋白血症，如牛、羊、猪、狗、豚鼠、大鼠、鸡和火鸡。在大鼠中，长期亚硝酸盐暴露会导致多种组织发生病理变化、运动活动和脑电活动改变，并改变胃黏膜吸收。亚硝酸盐会影响猪、豚鼠和大鼠等动物体内磺胺类药物的代谢。N-亚硝基化合物二甲基亚硝胺会导致牛、羊、貂和狐狸发生中毒性肝病。已在牛奶中检测到亚硝胺，并且在实验条件下发现其会进入山羊奶中。
