Fan A M, Steinberg V E
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Berkeley 94704, USA.
Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 1996 Feb;23(1 Pt 1):35-43. doi: 10.1006/rtph.1996.0006.
In 1987, an evaluation of the nitrate drinking water standard was performed with a primary focus on the effects of nitrate on methemoglobinemia and reproductive/developmental effects (Fan et al. (1987). Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 7, 135-148). The present review presents an updated overview and evaluation of the available information on the same health effects of nitrate and nitrite with an emphasis on data not included in the previous review, which should be used as a compendium to this report. Recent epidemiologic data have suggested an association between developmental effects in offspring and the maternal ingestion of nitrate from drinking water, but a definite conclusion on the cause and effect relationship cannot be drawn. Animal experimental data have shown reproductive toxicity associated with high exposure levels to nitrate or nitrite, which are not likely to be encountered in drinking water. No teratogenic effects were observed in rats, mice, rabbits, and hamsters tested. Several cases of methemoglobinemia have been reported in infants in the United States using water containing nitrate at levels higher than the current maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 45 ppm (mg/liter) nitrate (NO3) or 10 ppm nitrate-nitrogen (nitrate-N), but none at or lower than the MCL. The uncertainties in the data base are discussed, noting that no uncertainty factor was applied in deriving the MCL in order to account for the uncertainties that exist in the data base.
1987年，对硝酸盐饮用水标准进行了评估，主要关注硝酸盐对高铁血红蛋白血症的影响以及生殖/发育影响（范等人，1987年。《监管毒理学与药理学》7卷，第135 - 148页）。本综述对硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐相同健康影响的现有信息进行了更新概述和评估，重点关注先前综述中未包含的数据，本综述应作为本报告的一个纲要。近期的流行病学数据表明，后代的发育影响与母体从饮用水中摄入硝酸盐之间存在关联，但关于因果关系尚无法得出明确结论。动物实验数据显示，高暴露水平的硝酸盐或亚硝酸盐会产生生殖毒性，而饮用水中不太可能出现这种情况。在对大鼠、小鼠、兔子和仓鼠进行的测试中未观察到致畸作用。在美国，已有数例婴儿高铁血红蛋白血症的报告，这些婴儿使用的水中硝酸盐含量高于当前45 ppm（毫克/升）硝酸盐（NO3）或10 ppm硝酸盐氮（硝酸盐 - N）的最大污染物水平（MCL），但在MCL及以下水平未出现此类情况。文中讨论了数据库中的不确定性，并指出在推导MCL时未应用不确定性因素来考虑数据库中存在的不确定性。
