Cacioppo J T, Priester J R, Berntson G G
Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210-1222.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1993 Jul;65(1):5-17. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.65.1.5.
In the pain-flexor reflex, arm extension is temporally coupled with the onset of the unconditioned aversive stimulus, whereas flexion is associated with its offset; when retrieving desirable stimuli, arm flexion is more closely coupled temporally to the acquisition or consumption of the desired stimuli than arm extension. It was posited that these contingencies foster an association between arm flexion, in contrast to extension, and approach motivational orientations. Six experiments were conducted to examine this hypothesis. Ideographs presented during arm flexion were subsequently ranked more positively than ideographs presented during arm extension, but only when the Ss' task was to evaluate the ideographs when they were presented initially. Arm flexion and extension were also each found to have discernible attitudinal effects. These results suggest a possible role for nondeclarative memory in attitude formation.
在疼痛-屈肌反射中，手臂伸展在时间上与无条件厌恶刺激的开始相耦合，而屈曲则与其结束相关联；当获取合意刺激时，与手臂伸展相比，手臂屈曲在时间上与合意刺激的获取或消耗联系更为紧密。有人认为，这些偶发事件促进了与伸展相反的手臂屈曲和趋近动机取向之间的关联。进行了六项实验来检验这一假设。结果发现，随后对在手臂屈曲期间呈现的表意文字的评价比在手臂伸展期间呈现的表意文字更为积极，但这仅发生在被试的任务是在表意文字最初呈现时对其进行评价的情况下。还发现手臂屈曲和伸展各自都有明显的态度效应。这些结果表明非陈述性记忆在态度形成中可能发挥作用。
