Hoffman O A, Gillespie D J, Aughenbaugh G L, Brown L R
Division of Thoracic Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905.
Mayo Clin Proc. 1993 Sep;68(9):880-91. doi: 10.1016/s0025-6196(12)60697-1.
Primary mediastinal neoplasms encompass a long list of histologically diverse lesions that can arise from a wide variety of mediastinal structures. Recent advances in diagnostic techniques have considerably enhanced the evaluation of the mediastinum with use of noninvasive or minimally invasive procedures. In adults, most primary mediastinal neoplasms can be classified in one of four categories: thymus-derived neoplasms, neurogenic tumors, lymphomas, or germ cell neoplasms. In children, neurogenic tumors (especially neuroblastomas) and lymphomas are most frequently encountered. Because of the presence of many vital structures in the confined thoracic cavity, even benign mediastinal neoplasms can cause severe symptoms from the mass effect and therefore warrant a carefully planned management strategy. With modern therapeutic and surgical interventions, associated morbidity and mortality can often be substantially decreased.
原发性纵隔肿瘤包括一长串组织学上多样的病变，这些病变可起源于多种纵隔结构。诊断技术的最新进展通过使用非侵入性或微创程序，极大地提高了对纵隔的评估。在成人中，大多数原发性纵隔肿瘤可分为四类之一：胸腺源性肿瘤、神经源性肿瘤、淋巴瘤或生殖细胞肿瘤。在儿童中，最常遇到的是神经源性肿瘤（尤其是神经母细胞瘤）和淋巴瘤。由于在有限的胸腔内存在许多重要结构，即使是良性纵隔肿瘤也可因占位效应而引起严重症状，因此需要精心规划管理策略。通过现代治疗和手术干预，相关的发病率和死亡率通常可大幅降低。
